Understanding Others: An Introduction to Western Religions

We study different religious practices in order to understand one another. Many people have strong convictions, and it would be impossible to understand them without first understanding their beliefs.

Western Religions

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are monotheistic faiths practiced by about half of the world’s population. Monotheism refers to the belief in one God. The three faiths are often called western religions to distinguish them from the eastern religions practiced primarily in Asia. Believers in these faiths live on every populated continent, though most are concentrated in North and South America, Europe, Australia, Western Asia, and North Africa. Christianity and Islam are growing influences in sub-Saharan Africa, often replacing indigenous faiths.

Eastern Religions

While western religions are centered on the belief in one God, many believers of eastern religions seek to find enlightenment by looking within themselves. Hinduism and Buddhism are popular faiths in India, Southeast Asia, and Japan. Shinto is the traditional religion of many Japanese people, but the practice of Shintoism has declined since Japan’s defeat in World War II.

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the government has discouraged organized religion, especially during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). Many people in China, however, continue to follow the teachings of Confucius. Confucius was not a religious leader but a wise man concerned with how people treated one another. Taoism is another philosophy centered in China. Taoists seek to balance what they call the opposing energies of yin and yang. Taoists believe this balance leads to freedom from desire and a more satisfying life.

Indigenous and Animistic Faiths

Indigenous religions are practiced throughout the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Indigenous faiths are often animistic. Animism is the belief that natural objects, natural phenomena, and the universe itself possess a soul or consciousness. This is similar to the traditional beliefs of many Native Americans of North and South America.

Religion and Tolerance

Throughout history, religion has shaped how people see themselves and others. People are often mistreated for their beliefs. In the last century, as many as six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust. Religious conflicts continue in many parts of the world, and tragic events such as the September 11, 2001 attacks remind us of the cost of intolerance. By understanding one another, we can hope to develop tolerance and respect for all people.