Gamal Abdel Nasser and Arab Unity

Most people in the Middle East and North Africa are Arabs, but Arab control of the region began only after the rise of Islam in the seventh century. Ottoman Turks controlled most of the territory until World War I. The British and French replaced the Turks in several parts of the region. Many Arabs have dreamed of combining their countries into one pan-Arabic nation.

Revolutionary Leader

Gamal Abdel Nasser was a leader in uniting Arab-speaking people. As a youth, he became a revolutionary opposed to British rule in Egypt. In 1952, Nasser led a military overthrow of King Farouk, and two years later, he assumed the title of president.

The Suez Crisis

For thousands of years, Egyptians dreamed of building a dam to stop the annual flooding of the Nile River. Nasser first asked the Americans and the British to help build the dam. When both nations refused, Nasser seized the Suez Canal. Years earlier, an Egyptian king sold the canal to the British. Nasser believed it was the Egyptian people’s right to determine what happened on their land, so he nationalized, or took control of, the canal. Forces from Britain, France, and neighboring Israel attacked Egypt. Nasser turned to the Soviet Union for help when his Arab neighbors did not join the fight. With help from the Soviets, Egypt completed the Aswan High Dam in 1970.

The Cold War in the Arab World

From 1945 to 1990, the United States and the Soviet Union were locked in a battle to influence the rest of the world. The two nations never fought one another, but the tensions were known as the Cold War. Both the Americans and the Soviets sought to influence the Arab world. The Soviets threatened to use nuclear weapons if the Suez crisis did not end. The American government, fearing the fight could lead to a third world war, encouraged both sides to agree to a peace treaty that allowed Egypt to keep the Suez Canal.

Arab Unity

Nasser merged his nation with Syria in 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. The Syrians felt the Egyptians did not treat them as equals. After a 1961 drought in Syria, army officers seized control of the nation and declared independence from Egypt. Nasser kept the name United Arab Republic as a symbol of his hope for Arab unity. After Nasser’s death, the nation was renamed the Arab Republic of Egypt. An Arab nation might stretch from Morocco to Iraq, but it is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future.